Why do fusion and fission both release energy?
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I only have high school physics knowledge, but here is my understanding:
Fusion: 2 atoms come together to form a new atom. This process releases the energy keeping them apart, and is very energetic. Like the sun!
Fission: Something fast (like an electron) smashes into an atom breaking it apart. Somehow this also releases energy. Less energy than fusion, and it's like a nuclear reactor.
Now my understanding is that the lowest energy state is when everything is tightly stuck together (as per fusion), and it costs energy to break them apart..
So.. why do both fusion and fission release energy?
particle-physics nuclear-physics elements
New contributor
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add a comment |
$begingroup$
I only have high school physics knowledge, but here is my understanding:
Fusion: 2 atoms come together to form a new atom. This process releases the energy keeping them apart, and is very energetic. Like the sun!
Fission: Something fast (like an electron) smashes into an atom breaking it apart. Somehow this also releases energy. Less energy than fusion, and it's like a nuclear reactor.
Now my understanding is that the lowest energy state is when everything is tightly stuck together (as per fusion), and it costs energy to break them apart..
So.. why do both fusion and fission release energy?
particle-physics nuclear-physics elements
New contributor
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It is probably a good idea to wait a day or so before accepting an answer. It's not necessarily the case that the first answer will be the best, and the votes from the community can give you a steer in the right direction there.
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– Michael MacAskill
19 mins ago
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I only have high school physics knowledge, but here is my understanding:
Fusion: 2 atoms come together to form a new atom. This process releases the energy keeping them apart, and is very energetic. Like the sun!
Fission: Something fast (like an electron) smashes into an atom breaking it apart. Somehow this also releases energy. Less energy than fusion, and it's like a nuclear reactor.
Now my understanding is that the lowest energy state is when everything is tightly stuck together (as per fusion), and it costs energy to break them apart..
So.. why do both fusion and fission release energy?
particle-physics nuclear-physics elements
New contributor
$endgroup$
I only have high school physics knowledge, but here is my understanding:
Fusion: 2 atoms come together to form a new atom. This process releases the energy keeping them apart, and is very energetic. Like the sun!
Fission: Something fast (like an electron) smashes into an atom breaking it apart. Somehow this also releases energy. Less energy than fusion, and it's like a nuclear reactor.
Now my understanding is that the lowest energy state is when everything is tightly stuck together (as per fusion), and it costs energy to break them apart..
So.. why do both fusion and fission release energy?
particle-physics nuclear-physics elements
particle-physics nuclear-physics elements
New contributor
New contributor
New contributor
asked 1 hour ago
user230910user230910
1183
1183
New contributor
New contributor
$begingroup$
It is probably a good idea to wait a day or so before accepting an answer. It's not necessarily the case that the first answer will be the best, and the votes from the community can give you a steer in the right direction there.
$endgroup$
– Michael MacAskill
19 mins ago
add a comment |
$begingroup$
It is probably a good idea to wait a day or so before accepting an answer. It's not necessarily the case that the first answer will be the best, and the votes from the community can give you a steer in the right direction there.
$endgroup$
– Michael MacAskill
19 mins ago
$begingroup$
It is probably a good idea to wait a day or so before accepting an answer. It's not necessarily the case that the first answer will be the best, and the votes from the community can give you a steer in the right direction there.
$endgroup$
– Michael MacAskill
19 mins ago
$begingroup$
It is probably a good idea to wait a day or so before accepting an answer. It's not necessarily the case that the first answer will be the best, and the votes from the community can give you a steer in the right direction there.
$endgroup$
– Michael MacAskill
19 mins ago
add a comment |
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Your assumption about the lowest energy state when everything is tightly stuck together is incorrect.
It only goes this way until you get iron nuclei - and this is why iron is the heaviest element created by fusion.
Creating nuclei heavier than iron consumes energy rather than releasing it. And this is why these elements are only created in supernova explosions and other highly energetic events where there is abundant energy input.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Fusion:
In a small nucleus there is a relatively large fraction of
nucleons at the surface, which lowers the total binding energy.
The fusion of 2 very small nuclei to one medium-sized nucleus releases energy,
mainly because in the resulting bigger nucleus
there are fewer nucleons at the surface than before.
Fission:
In a big nucleus there is much Coulomb repulsion due to the many protons.
The fission of a very big nucleus into 2 medium-sized nuclei releases energy,
mainly because the total Coulomb repulsion within the 2 resulting
nuclei is smaller than before.
Therefore, medium-sized nuclei (~ 55 nucleons) have the biggest binding energy per nucleon.
The Bethe-Weizsäcker formula for the binding energy of a nucleus
gives a more quantitative explanation for this.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Fission releases energy, because a heavy nucleus (like Uranium-235) is like a cocked mouse trap: it took energy to squeeze all those protons and neutrons hard enough together to make them barely stick (by the nuclear force) against the natural tendency for all those protons to fly violently apart because of their electrostatic repulsion. When struck by an incoming neutron, it is like a mouse touching the trigger pedal of the trap: BANG goes the nucleus.
In the case of fusion, the mechanism is different: the nuclear force between protons and between neutrons is very powerfully attractive but only kicks in when the particles are so close to each other that they are "touching". That attraction is not quite enough to stick two protons together against their electrostatic repulsion but if you add two neutrons to the recipe, you get enough mutually attractive nuclear force to overcome electrostatics and the particles then violently suck themselves together with a very powerful BANG.
Other fusion reactions in which the (2 protons plus two neutrons) get pressed onto a heavier nucleus (like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, ...) release progressively less energy. By the time you get to iron, further fusion reactions actually consume energy instead of releasing it, because the electrostatic repulsion effect gets bigger and bigger- and you are in the province of fission instead.
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add a comment |
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3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Your assumption about the lowest energy state when everything is tightly stuck together is incorrect.
It only goes this way until you get iron nuclei - and this is why iron is the heaviest element created by fusion.
Creating nuclei heavier than iron consumes energy rather than releasing it. And this is why these elements are only created in supernova explosions and other highly energetic events where there is abundant energy input.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Your assumption about the lowest energy state when everything is tightly stuck together is incorrect.
It only goes this way until you get iron nuclei - and this is why iron is the heaviest element created by fusion.
Creating nuclei heavier than iron consumes energy rather than releasing it. And this is why these elements are only created in supernova explosions and other highly energetic events where there is abundant energy input.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Your assumption about the lowest energy state when everything is tightly stuck together is incorrect.
It only goes this way until you get iron nuclei - and this is why iron is the heaviest element created by fusion.
Creating nuclei heavier than iron consumes energy rather than releasing it. And this is why these elements are only created in supernova explosions and other highly energetic events where there is abundant energy input.
$endgroup$
Your assumption about the lowest energy state when everything is tightly stuck together is incorrect.
It only goes this way until you get iron nuclei - and this is why iron is the heaviest element created by fusion.
Creating nuclei heavier than iron consumes energy rather than releasing it. And this is why these elements are only created in supernova explosions and other highly energetic events where there is abundant energy input.
answered 1 hour ago
cuckoocuckoo
1144
1144
add a comment |
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Fusion:
In a small nucleus there is a relatively large fraction of
nucleons at the surface, which lowers the total binding energy.
The fusion of 2 very small nuclei to one medium-sized nucleus releases energy,
mainly because in the resulting bigger nucleus
there are fewer nucleons at the surface than before.
Fission:
In a big nucleus there is much Coulomb repulsion due to the many protons.
The fission of a very big nucleus into 2 medium-sized nuclei releases energy,
mainly because the total Coulomb repulsion within the 2 resulting
nuclei is smaller than before.
Therefore, medium-sized nuclei (~ 55 nucleons) have the biggest binding energy per nucleon.
The Bethe-Weizsäcker formula for the binding energy of a nucleus
gives a more quantitative explanation for this.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Fusion:
In a small nucleus there is a relatively large fraction of
nucleons at the surface, which lowers the total binding energy.
The fusion of 2 very small nuclei to one medium-sized nucleus releases energy,
mainly because in the resulting bigger nucleus
there are fewer nucleons at the surface than before.
Fission:
In a big nucleus there is much Coulomb repulsion due to the many protons.
The fission of a very big nucleus into 2 medium-sized nuclei releases energy,
mainly because the total Coulomb repulsion within the 2 resulting
nuclei is smaller than before.
Therefore, medium-sized nuclei (~ 55 nucleons) have the biggest binding energy per nucleon.
The Bethe-Weizsäcker formula for the binding energy of a nucleus
gives a more quantitative explanation for this.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Fusion:
In a small nucleus there is a relatively large fraction of
nucleons at the surface, which lowers the total binding energy.
The fusion of 2 very small nuclei to one medium-sized nucleus releases energy,
mainly because in the resulting bigger nucleus
there are fewer nucleons at the surface than before.
Fission:
In a big nucleus there is much Coulomb repulsion due to the many protons.
The fission of a very big nucleus into 2 medium-sized nuclei releases energy,
mainly because the total Coulomb repulsion within the 2 resulting
nuclei is smaller than before.
Therefore, medium-sized nuclei (~ 55 nucleons) have the biggest binding energy per nucleon.
The Bethe-Weizsäcker formula for the binding energy of a nucleus
gives a more quantitative explanation for this.
$endgroup$
Fusion:
In a small nucleus there is a relatively large fraction of
nucleons at the surface, which lowers the total binding energy.
The fusion of 2 very small nuclei to one medium-sized nucleus releases energy,
mainly because in the resulting bigger nucleus
there are fewer nucleons at the surface than before.
Fission:
In a big nucleus there is much Coulomb repulsion due to the many protons.
The fission of a very big nucleus into 2 medium-sized nuclei releases energy,
mainly because the total Coulomb repulsion within the 2 resulting
nuclei is smaller than before.
Therefore, medium-sized nuclei (~ 55 nucleons) have the biggest binding energy per nucleon.
The Bethe-Weizsäcker formula for the binding energy of a nucleus
gives a more quantitative explanation for this.
edited 36 mins ago
answered 53 mins ago
Thomas FritschThomas Fritsch
37929
37929
add a comment |
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Fission releases energy, because a heavy nucleus (like Uranium-235) is like a cocked mouse trap: it took energy to squeeze all those protons and neutrons hard enough together to make them barely stick (by the nuclear force) against the natural tendency for all those protons to fly violently apart because of their electrostatic repulsion. When struck by an incoming neutron, it is like a mouse touching the trigger pedal of the trap: BANG goes the nucleus.
In the case of fusion, the mechanism is different: the nuclear force between protons and between neutrons is very powerfully attractive but only kicks in when the particles are so close to each other that they are "touching". That attraction is not quite enough to stick two protons together against their electrostatic repulsion but if you add two neutrons to the recipe, you get enough mutually attractive nuclear force to overcome electrostatics and the particles then violently suck themselves together with a very powerful BANG.
Other fusion reactions in which the (2 protons plus two neutrons) get pressed onto a heavier nucleus (like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, ...) release progressively less energy. By the time you get to iron, further fusion reactions actually consume energy instead of releasing it, because the electrostatic repulsion effect gets bigger and bigger- and you are in the province of fission instead.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Fission releases energy, because a heavy nucleus (like Uranium-235) is like a cocked mouse trap: it took energy to squeeze all those protons and neutrons hard enough together to make them barely stick (by the nuclear force) against the natural tendency for all those protons to fly violently apart because of their electrostatic repulsion. When struck by an incoming neutron, it is like a mouse touching the trigger pedal of the trap: BANG goes the nucleus.
In the case of fusion, the mechanism is different: the nuclear force between protons and between neutrons is very powerfully attractive but only kicks in when the particles are so close to each other that they are "touching". That attraction is not quite enough to stick two protons together against their electrostatic repulsion but if you add two neutrons to the recipe, you get enough mutually attractive nuclear force to overcome electrostatics and the particles then violently suck themselves together with a very powerful BANG.
Other fusion reactions in which the (2 protons plus two neutrons) get pressed onto a heavier nucleus (like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, ...) release progressively less energy. By the time you get to iron, further fusion reactions actually consume energy instead of releasing it, because the electrostatic repulsion effect gets bigger and bigger- and you are in the province of fission instead.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Fission releases energy, because a heavy nucleus (like Uranium-235) is like a cocked mouse trap: it took energy to squeeze all those protons and neutrons hard enough together to make them barely stick (by the nuclear force) against the natural tendency for all those protons to fly violently apart because of their electrostatic repulsion. When struck by an incoming neutron, it is like a mouse touching the trigger pedal of the trap: BANG goes the nucleus.
In the case of fusion, the mechanism is different: the nuclear force between protons and between neutrons is very powerfully attractive but only kicks in when the particles are so close to each other that they are "touching". That attraction is not quite enough to stick two protons together against their electrostatic repulsion but if you add two neutrons to the recipe, you get enough mutually attractive nuclear force to overcome electrostatics and the particles then violently suck themselves together with a very powerful BANG.
Other fusion reactions in which the (2 protons plus two neutrons) get pressed onto a heavier nucleus (like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, ...) release progressively less energy. By the time you get to iron, further fusion reactions actually consume energy instead of releasing it, because the electrostatic repulsion effect gets bigger and bigger- and you are in the province of fission instead.
$endgroup$
Fission releases energy, because a heavy nucleus (like Uranium-235) is like a cocked mouse trap: it took energy to squeeze all those protons and neutrons hard enough together to make them barely stick (by the nuclear force) against the natural tendency for all those protons to fly violently apart because of their electrostatic repulsion. When struck by an incoming neutron, it is like a mouse touching the trigger pedal of the trap: BANG goes the nucleus.
In the case of fusion, the mechanism is different: the nuclear force between protons and between neutrons is very powerfully attractive but only kicks in when the particles are so close to each other that they are "touching". That attraction is not quite enough to stick two protons together against their electrostatic repulsion but if you add two neutrons to the recipe, you get enough mutually attractive nuclear force to overcome electrostatics and the particles then violently suck themselves together with a very powerful BANG.
Other fusion reactions in which the (2 protons plus two neutrons) get pressed onto a heavier nucleus (like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, ...) release progressively less energy. By the time you get to iron, further fusion reactions actually consume energy instead of releasing it, because the electrostatic repulsion effect gets bigger and bigger- and you are in the province of fission instead.
answered 1 hour ago
niels nielsenniels nielsen
17.9k42757
17.9k42757
add a comment |
add a comment |
user230910 is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
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user230910 is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
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$begingroup$
It is probably a good idea to wait a day or so before accepting an answer. It's not necessarily the case that the first answer will be the best, and the votes from the community can give you a steer in the right direction there.
$endgroup$
– Michael MacAskill
19 mins ago